Ano1, also known as TMEM16A, encodes a member of Ca2+ -activated Cl- channels (CaCCs). These channels are crucial for physiological functions such as epithelial secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and sensory signal transduction [1]. ANO1 controls multiple cell functions including proliferation, survival, migration, and secretion [8].

ANO1's abnormal expression or dysfunction is involved in many pathological phenotypes and diseases. In cancer, it plays a vital role in the occurrence, development, metastasis, proliferation, and apoptosis of various malignant tumors [2]. Knocking-down or inhibiting ANO1 suppresses the growth, metastasis, and invasion of multiple gastrointestinal cancer cell lines and xenograft models, and enhances immunotherapeutic effectiveness [3]. In addition, over-expression of ANO1 is significantly correlated with poor overall survival in various cancers [5].

In the context of cystic fibrosis, pharmacological stimulation of TMEM16A (ANO1) could potentially bypass CFTR defect, but the relationship with mucus hypersecretion needs clarification [4]. In keratinocytes, ANO1-mediated chloride influx enhances wound healing [7]. In the urethra, the role of Ano1 channels in generating urethral tone is still debated due to differences in species and experimental approaches [6].

In conclusion, Ano1 is essential for multiple physiological functions and is significantly associated with various diseases, especially cancer. Studies using loss-of-function models like knocking-down or inhibiting ANO1 have revealed its role in promoting cancer progression and immunotherapeutic resistance, providing potential therapeutic targets for these diseases.