Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide abundantly expressed in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a pleiotropic molecule influencing cell proliferation, cardiovascular and metabolic function, pain, and neuronal excitability. In the central nervous system, it acts as a neuromodulator affecting various pathways from cellular to circuit levels. NPY has a broad range of receptor subtypes, each activating specific signaling pathways in different tissues [1].

NPY -/- female mice showed decreased white adipose tissue mass with an upregulated thermogenic program, revealing NPY's role in the peripheral regulation of fat metabolism [2]. Sympathetic-specific deletion of NPY in mice led to metabolic and cardiovascular defects, including reduced insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, cold tolerance, and pupil size, along with an elevated heart rate, highlighting its role in metabolic and cardiovascular regulation [3].

In conclusion, NPY is crucial in multiple biological processes such as fat metabolism, metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. The use of NPY knockout mouse models has provided insights into its functions in these areas, potentially guiding research on related diseases like post-menopausal adiposity, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases.