Adra1d, the α1D-adrenergic receptor, is a key regulator of cardiovascular, prostate, and central nervous system functions. It is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in pathways like vasoconstriction, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction [2,3]. Genetic models can be valuable in studying its function as it is difficult to study otherwise due to its requirement to form a homodimer with PDZ proteins for proper plasma membrane expression [3].

In cutaneous melanoma, overexpression of Adra1d inhibits the growth, invasion, and angiogenesis of melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo by negatively regulating the HIF-1α/VEGF axis [1]. In a vascular dementia study, overexpression of Adra1d in an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model using PC12 cells decreased apoptosis, while silencing it increased apoptosis. This was associated with changes in the expression of genes like PLCβ, IP3R, and intracellular Ca2+ levels [2]. In Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats, treatment with QiShenYiQi decreased blood pressure and alleviated renal damage by reducing Adra1d expression in the kidney [4]. In C2 skeletal myoblasts, Adra1d expression was essential for cell survival, as its knockdown led to higher levels of cell death [5].

In conclusion, Adra1d plays diverse roles in biological processes. Model-based research, such as in melanoma, vascular dementia, hypertensive nephropathy, and skeletal myoblast models, has revealed its importance in cancer growth and angiogenesis, neurodegenerative disease-related cellular responses, blood pressure regulation, and muscle cell survival. These findings contribute to understanding the underlying mechanisms of related diseases and may offer potential therapeutic targets.