Adrb1, encoding the β1-adrenergic receptor, is a crucial component in the body's response to stress-associated catecholamines. It is involved in the regulation of multiple physiological processes. In the cardiovascular system, it has implications for the response to beta-blockers, which are used for various cardiac and hypertensive conditions. In the immune system, it links sympathetic nerves to T-cell exhaustion, influencing the immune response against viral infections and tumours [1].

In terms of genetic polymorphisms, studies on ADRB1 have investigated their impact on the response to beta-blockers in different patient groups. For example, in acute coronary syndrome patients, SNPs in ADRB1 were analyzed for their association with bradycardia/hypotension events during beta-blocker treatment, though no significant associations were found in this particular study [2]. In hypertensive patients, the frequencies of ADRB1 genotypes were studied, providing insights for future research on the selection of antihypertensive beta-receptor blockers [3]. Also, ADRB1 was identified as a potential biomarker for breast cancer through the co-analysis of tumor mutational burden and immune infiltration, with its mutation associated with lower TMB and better prognosis [4].

In conclusion, Adrb1 plays a significant role in both cardiovascular and immune-related biological processes. Research on its genetic polymorphisms and functions, especially through human-based studies as presented in the references, contributes to understanding disease mechanisms in areas such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, potentially guiding more personalized treatment strategies.