Amh, also known as Anti-Müllerian Hormone, is a critical glycoprotein. In male fetuses, it drives the involution of the Müllerian ducts during sexual differentiation, preventing the development of female reproductive structures like the uterus and Fallopian tubes [5]. In females, it is produced by the granulosa cells of small antral follicles in the ovaries and functions as an autocrine and paracrine regulator of follicular maturation [2].

In the context of female fertility, Amh is widely used as a biomarker of ovarian reserve. Serum Amh levels correlate with the number of growing follicles, helping estimate ovarian reserve, determine dosing in ovarian stimulation, and predict stimulation response. However, it does not reflect oocyte health or the chances of pregnancy [1,6]. In domestic animals, it can be a reliable reproductive marker for fertility competence and a predictor of superovulation [3]. In pediatric disorders of sex development, serum Amh measurement aids in differential diagnosis. For example, in undervirilized 46,XY DSD, low Amh levels suggest gonadal dysgenesis, while normal or high levels are seen in androgen-related defects. In 46,XX newborns, it can detect the presence of testicular tissue, leading to the diagnosis of ovotesticular DSD [4].

In conclusion, Amh plays essential roles in sexual differentiation, ovarian function, and fertility in both humans and animals. Its measurement is valuable in various clinical scenarios, such as assessing female fertility potential, diagnosing disorders of sex development, and predicting reproductive outcomes in domestic animals. Research on Amh, including through gene-based models in the future, can further our understanding of these biological processes and potentially lead to improved diagnostic and treatment strategies.