Anxa5, also known as Annexin V, is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein with a high affinity for phosphatidylserine (PS). This characteristic enables it to participate in multiple biological functions such as vesicle transport, extracellular matrix mineral phase formation, anticoagulation, antithrombosis, tumor growth inhibition, and apoptosis regulation. It is also involved in anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties and has protective effects on the nervous system. Additionally, it facilitates osteogenic differentiation and is involved in chondrocyte apoptosis and mineralization [5].

In recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), Anxa5 has been intensively studied. The M2 haplotype of the Anxa5 gene is associated with an increased risk of RPL as it can decrease Anxa5 expression in the placenta and peripheral blood, and reduce the transcription efficiency of the Anxa5 promoter. Meta-analysis shows that women with the M2/Anxa5 haplotype have a higher risk of experiencing RPL, especially consecutive early idiopathic RPL, and male partners with this haplotype also contribute to this risk [2,4,6].

In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), Anxa5 is a gene with independent prognostic significance. Its suppression leads to a decrease in the growth and mobility of HNSCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Also, in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), increased Anxa5 expression is significantly correlated with poor overall survival and a high level of immune infiltration [1,3].

In conclusion, Anxa5 is a multifunctional gene involved in various biological processes. Studies, especially those related to its haplotypes in RPL, and its role in cancer prognosis and immune cell infiltration, have revealed its importance in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. The findings from these studies may provide potential therapeutic targets for related diseases.