RhoA, short for Ras homolog gene family member A, is a small GTPase of the Rho family. It is a key regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics and is involved in multiple signal transduction pathways, influencing various cellular functions such as cell survival, migration, adhesion, and proliferation [1,2]. RhoA and its downstream effector proteins are highly expressed in the nervous system, suggesting a significant role in neurons and glial cells [1]. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway is associated with many neuronal functions and central nervous system diseases [3,4].

In neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aberrant RhoA signaling has been implicated [1]. In Alzheimer's disease, the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway promotes the disease occurrence by increasing β -secretase activity, promoting amyloid-beta production, and forming neurofibrillary tangles [4]. In ischemic stroke, the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and astrocytes play roles in neurological function and tissue repair after brain injury [3]. In hematological cancers, deregulated RHOA activity is linked to cancer growth, progression, and metastasis, and RHOA may have both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive functions depending on the context [2]. In capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome, loss of RASA1 may lead to constitutive activation of RhoA signaling, increasing vascular permeability [5]. Also, RhoA is crucial for myoblast fusion during muscle regeneration and hypertrophy, and is involved in DNA damage response, mediating cell cycle arrest [6,7].

In conclusion, RhoA is a vital regulator of numerous cellular functions and is involved in various biological processes and disease conditions. Studies on RhoA, especially those using gene knockout or conditional knockout mouse models (although not explicitly detailed in the provided abstracts but inferred from the research context), have enhanced our understanding of its functions in neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and other disorders, providing potential therapeutic targets for these diseases.