Gal, referring to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal), is a carbohydrate oligosaccharide present in cells and tissues of non-primate mammals. It has significant immunological importance as it can trigger allergic reactions in humans. The α-Gal epitope is highly immunogenic to humans, apes, and old-world monkeys, and IgE antibodies against α-Gal are the cause of the α-Gal syndrome (AGS), a severe form of allergy to mammalian-origin food and products [1,4].

In the context of α-Gal syndrome, recurrent tick bites are strongly associated with the development of the disease. Tick saliva contains proteins carrying α-Gal and bioactive molecules like prostaglandin E2, which can promote Th2-related immunity and trigger a class-switch to IgE antibodies against α-Gal. In patients with AGS, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses occur, typically with a delay of 2 hours or more after dietary α-Gal ingestion, while immediate reactions happen with parenteral administration of α-Gal sources [1,4,5].

Regarding wound and burn healing, α-Gal nanoparticles presenting multiple α-Gal epitopes can bind anti-Gal antibody in humans. This interaction activates the complement system, recruits macrophages, and accelerates the healing process in anti-Gal producing mice, potentially offering a novel approach for human wound and burn treatment [2,3,6].

In conclusion, Gal, specifically the α-Gal epitope, plays a crucial role in the development of α-Gal syndrome, a global allergic disease. The association between tick bites, the immune response to α-Gal, and the potential of α-Gal nanoparticles in wound and burn healing highlight the importance of understanding Gal-related mechanisms. These insights from in vivo studies, though not directly from gene knockout models in the provided references, contribute to our knowledge of Gal's role in allergic and wound-healing processes [1,2,3,4,5,6].