CXCL10, also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10, is a 10 kDa protein categorized as a Th1-chemokine. It binds to the receptor CXCR3, regulating immune responses by activating and recruiting leukocytes such as T cells, eosinophils, and monocytes [4]. The CXCL10-CXCR3 signaling is involved in multiple biological processes like T cell tumor infiltration, pain regulation, and inflammatory responses [1,2].

In a mouse model of vitiligo, mice lacking Cxcl10 or treated with CXCL10-neutralizing antibody developed minimal depigmentation, indicating CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of vitiligo [3]. In mice with spinal nerve ligation, intra-DRG injection of Cxcr3 shRNA attenuated mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia, suggesting that CXCL10-activated CXCR3 mediates p38 and ERK activation in DRG neurons, enhancing neuronal excitability and contributing to neuropathic pain [2].

In conclusion, CXCL10 plays a significant role in immune-related biological processes and disease conditions. Findings from gene-knockout or neutralization experiments in mouse models have revealed its importance in diseases such as vitiligo and neuropathic pain, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in these areas.