GPHB5, also known as glycoprotein hormone beta 5, is a subunit of corticotroph-derived glycoprotein hormone (CGH or thyrostimulin), which is a non-covalent heterodimer with glycoprotein hormone alpha 2 (GPHA2). CGH can activate the TSH receptor. GPHB5 is associated with multiple biological processes. Bioinformatics analysis shows it is related to metabolic-related genes and signaling pathways, such as lipolysis and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways [1].

In animal and human studies, GPHB5 has been linked to metabolic disorders. In HFD-fed mice, db/db and ob/ob mice, and PCOS rats, GPHB5 mRNA expression levels in metabolic-related tissues were significantly higher [2]. In women, elevated circulating GPHB5 levels are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin resistance (IR), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). GPHB5 levels positively correlate with various metabolic parameters like BMI, blood pressure, and lipid levels, and negatively correlate with adiponectin [1,2]. Treatment with GLP-1RA, metformin, and TZDs can decrease circulating GPHB5 levels, suggesting it could be a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for these metabolic conditions [1,2]. In triploid Atlantic salmon, gphb5 was significantly down-regulated in fish with lower jaw deformity (LJD), hinting at a possible hormonal involvement in LJD [3].

In conclusion, GPHB5 is involved in important biological functions, especially in metabolism-related processes. Studies in animal models and humans have revealed its significant association with metabolic disorders, making it a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for metabolic-related diseases. The findings from these research models contribute to a better understanding of the role of GPHB5 in health and disease.