Tpi1, or triosephosphate isomerase 1, is a key glycolytic enzyme. It plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism by catalyzing the interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). This function is fundamental to various metabolic pathways, including those related to energy production and lipid synthesis, and is of great biological importance in normal cellular function and development [1,2,3,5,7,8].

In lung regeneration, dopaminylation of Tpi1 in endothelial cells suppresses ferroptosis, promoting lung regeneration over fibrosis. Suppressing Tpi1 dopaminylation triggers ferroptotic angiocrine signaling, leading to a transition from lung regeneration to fibrosis [1].

In myopia, genetic analyses have identified an enrichment of Tpi1, and promoting scleral glycolysis via Tpi1 can lead to myopia-associated fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation [2].

In osteoarthritis, LDHA-mediated histone lactylation in the Tpi1 promoter enhances its transcription activity, promoting glycolysis in chondrocytes [3].

In glioblastoma, Linc00942 interacts with Tpi1 and PKM2, promoting self-renewal and chemoresistance [4].

In breast cancer, Tpi1 promotes cancer progression by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and stabilizing CDCA5 [5].

In lung adenocarcinoma, Tpi1 promotes metastasis through the MAPK/ERK-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition process [6].

In Tibetan sheep Sertoli cells, Tpi1 promotes cell proliferation, glycolysis, and inhibits apoptosis, and miR-1285-3p can regulate these processes by targeting Tpi1 [7].

In hepatocellular carcinoma, Rab20 downregulation reduces Tpi1 in extracellular vesicles, promoting aerobic glycolysis and hepatocarcinogenesis [8].

In conclusion, Tpi1 is a vital enzyme in glycolysis, significantly influencing multiple biological processes and disease conditions. Studies, some of which likely involve in vivo models such as KO or CKO mouse models (though not always explicitly stated), have shown its role in lung regeneration, myopia, osteoarthritis, glioblastoma, breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, spermatogenesis-related processes, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Understanding Tpi1 function through these models provides insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.