mTOR, short for mammalian target of rapamycin, is a serine/threonine kinase and a master regulator of cellular metabolism [1,3,5]. It is a key component in various cellular signaling pathways such as the PI3K/Akt pathway [4]. mTOR integrates upstream nutrient signals and is essential for cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, and autophagy regulation [1,3,5]. Genetic models like KO/CKO mouse models are valuable tools to study its functions.

In cancer, mTOR is frequently activated, controlling cell growth and metabolism while also being regulated by metabolic inputs [2]. In kidney diseases, under normal conditions, mTOR signaling maintains podocyte and tubular cell homeostasis. However, its constitutive activation can lead to the development and progression of various kidney-related problems such as glomerular hypertrophy and polycystic kidney disease [3]. In diabetes, mTOR shows both anti-and pro-diabetic effects. Activation in pancreatic β cells can enhance growth and oppose insulin secretion impairments, while in specific immune cells, it contributes to β-cell dysfunction and diabetes development [4].

In conclusion, mTOR is a pivotal regulator in multiple biological processes. Through model-based research, especially KO/CKO mouse models, we've learned that mTOR dysregulation is linked to various diseases including cancer, kidney diseases, and diabetes. Understanding mTOR's functions can potentially lead to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for these diseases.