Pcgf1, also known as Polycomb group RING finger protein 1, is an important epigenetic regulator. It is a member of the PcG (Polycomb group) family and participates in various biological processes by regulating gene expression. Pcgf1-containing variant PRC1 complex (PCGF1-PRC1) is involved in processes such as chromatin repression, DNA replication, and histone modification, which are crucial for maintaining proper cellular identities, cell lineage commitment, and development [3,4].

In gliomas, high expression of PCGF1 is associated with poor prognosis, and it is involved in regulating oncogenic signaling pathways like the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, notch signaling, and integrin signaling pathway. It also shows correlations with tumor immunity, being positively associated with Th2 cell abundance and negatively associated with T follicular helper, T central memory, and T gamma delta cells [1].

In rectal adenocarcinoma, PCGF1 is highly expressed and silencing it inhibits cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting it could be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target [7].

In glioblastoma cells, knockdown of PCGF1 inhibits cell proliferation and colony formation ability, associated with inactivation of the c-Myc signaling pathway [8].

In zebrafish, inhibiting Pcgf1 expression leads to abnormal neural induction and affects pluripotency maintenance [5].

In microglia of adolescent mice, decreased Pcgf1 expression is related to neuroinflammation and depressive-like behavior, and Pcgf1 alleviates such inflammation by inhibiting MMP10 transcription [2].

In the enteric nervous system, disrupting the Pcgf1 gene in autonomic-lineage cells impairs neuronal differentiation, suggesting an involvement in neuronal subtype specification [6].

In conclusion, Pcgf1 is a key epigenetic regulator with diverse functions in multiple biological processes and disease conditions. Gene knockout or knockdown studies in various models, including mouse models, have revealed its roles in cancer development, neural development, neuroinflammation, and neuronal subtype specification. These findings provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for diseases such as gliomas, rectal adenocarcinoma, and glioblastoma, as well as into the pathogenesis of adolescent depression and the development of the enteric nervous system.