Rnf135, also known as Ring Finger Protein 135, is a RING finger domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase. It is involved in multiple biological processes and signaling pathways. For example, it participates in the RIG-I signaling pathway to regulate IFN expression, and may also be related to pathways like PI3K/AKT, ERK, etc. It plays an important role in tumorigenesis, immune response and cell growth regulation [2,3,4,5].

In hepatocellular carcinoma, Rnf135 promoter hypermethylation leads to decreased expression, which is associated with poor prognosis, and Rnf135 functions as a tumor suppressor involved in the tumor immune microenvironment [1]. In lung adenocarcinoma, Rnf135 promotes cell proliferation and autophagy by promoting the phosphorylation of ULK1 [2]. In osteosarcoma, it promotes cell growth and inhibits apoptosis through up-regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway [3]. In glioblastoma, Rnf135 promotes cell proliferation and migration, and its role may be associated with the ERK signal transduction pathway [4]. In breast cancer, it promotes the stemness of breast cancer cells by ubiquitinating and degrading DDX58 [6].

In conclusion, Rnf135 has diverse functions in different biological processes and disease conditions, especially in tumor-related events. Its role in promoting or suppressing tumor growth varies among different cancer types. The study of Rnf135 using various research models helps to understand its complex functions and provides potential targets for cancer treatment.