Pgm1, or phosphoglucomutase 1, is an enzyme responsible for the reversible inter-conversion of glucose-1-P and glucose-6-P. It is involved in crucial pathways such as glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, and protein glycosylation, playing an overall significant role in maintaining normal cellular metabolism [1,2,4,5]. Genetic models, like gene knockout (KO) models, could potentially be used to further explore its functions.

Mutations in Pgm1 cause PGM1-CDG, a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple systems. In infants, it often presents with cleft palate, liver function abnormalities, and hypoglycemia, while in adults, it may show as isolated muscle involvement. Some patients develop life-threatening cardiomyopathy. Central nervous system involvement is also common, and it can occur even without hypoglycemia [1,2]. PGM1-CDG patients can be effectively treated with d-galactose, which metabolically re-wires sugar metabolism in fibroblasts, replenishing nucleotide sugars for glycosylation [1,4]. In addition, PGM1 seems to suppress colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, and in glioma, its knockdown inhibits cell viability, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation under low-glucose conditions via the Myc signaling pathway [3,6]. Coagulation abnormalities are frequently present in PGM1-CDG and can be improved by D-gal treatment [7].

In conclusion, Pgm1 is essential for normal cellular metabolism through its involvement in multiple key pathways. Studies using genetic models, although not directly detailed in the provided references, would likely enhance our understanding. Pgm1-related research has implications for various disease areas, especially PGM1-CDG, colorectal cancer, and glioma, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in these diseases.