Atp7a, also known as copper-transporting ATPase 1, is a crucial energy-dependent transmembrane protein. It is involved in delivering copper to secreted copper enzymes and exporting surplus copper from cells, thus playing a fundamental role in whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis [2,3]. Copper is essential for numerous cellular functions in all tissues and organ systems, and Atp7a-regulated copper metabolism is associated with multiple biological pathways, such as those related to enzyme metalation and trafficking in the secretory pathway [2].

Mutations in Atp7a cause Menkes disease, an X-linked recessive lethal multisystemic disorder of copper metabolism [3]. Early seizures are specific for classical Menkes disease, while ataxia is an indicator for atypical Menkes disease. Occipital horn syndrome, another related disorder, shows bony exostoses, radial head dislocations, etc. [1]. Gene replacement in a mouse model of Menkes disease rescued the phenotype, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for patients with complete loss-of-function Atp7a mutations [4].

In conclusion, Atp7a is vital for copper homeostasis and normal physiological function. Its dysfunction leads to severe copper-related disorders like Menkes disease. The study of Atp7a using mouse models has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of these diseases, potentially guiding the development of therapeutic strategies for such conditions.