Tyw3, also known as Taw3 in some homologs, is a S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase. It is essential for the formation of wybutosine and its derivatives in tRNA, a modification crucial for accurate decoding during protein synthesis [2,4,6,7]. This process is part of the tRNA modification pathway, which is vital for proper translation and overall cellular function.

In a genome-wide association study in the Chinese Han population, TYW3/CRYZ was identified as a susceptibility gene for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting that insulin resistance may be involved in ALS pathogenesis [1]. Additionally, a genome-wide association study on circulating resistin levels found a locus near the TYW3/CRYZ gene associated with resistin levels, and the resistin-rising allele of a SNP near TYW3/CRYZ was associated with increased coronary heart disease risk [3]. In esophageal cancer, TYW3 was identified as one of the five prognostic RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), with its down-regulation in tumor samples [5].

In conclusion, Tyw3 plays a significant role in tRNA modification for accurate protein synthesis. Its association with diseases such as ALS, coronary heart disease, and esophageal cancer, as revealed through genetic association studies, highlights its importance in understanding disease mechanisms. These findings from different disease-related studies contribute to a better understanding of the complex biological functions of Tyw3 and its potential as a target for disease treatment and prevention.