Yars1, encoding tyrosyl tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), is responsible for coupling tyrosine to its specific tRNA, a crucial step in protein synthesis [1,3]. Besides its role in aminoacylation, TyrRS has two additional functional domains (N-Terminal TyrRSMini and C-terminal EMAP-II-like domain) conferring cytokine-like functions [1]. It is involved in pathways such as aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, and its proper function is essential for normal biological processes.

Pathogenic variants in Yars1 have been associated with diverse disorders. The recurrent homozygous missense variant c.1099C > T;p.(Arg367Trp) causes a multisystem disorder with developmental delay, microcephaly, and more. This variant destabilizes the cytokine-like C-terminal domain but doesn't affect the catalytic domain for enzymatic coupling [1]. A missense variant p.Asp308Tyr in the anticodon binding domain was linked to proximal-predominant motor neuropathy and showed a loss-of-function effect in yeast complementation assays [2]. Also, a patient with compound heterozygous Yars1 variants presented with dysmorphic facies and multisystemic symptoms, expanding the understanding of Yars1-associated autosomal recessive disorders [3].

In conclusion, Yars1 is essential for tyrosine-tRNA coupling and has additional cytokine-like functions. Research on Yars1-associated genetic variants in patients helps uncover its role in various disorders, including neurodevelopmental and motor neuropathies. Understanding Yars1 can potentially provide insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for these conditions.