Csrp1, or Cysteine and Glycine-rich Protein 1, belongs to the cysteine-rich protein family and contains a unique double-zinc finger motif. It is important for development and cellular differentiation, and is a marker of smooth muscle lineages [1,2]. Csrp1 has been implicated in various biological processes such as cell morphology regulation via interactions with Dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) and Diversin (Div) in the noncanonical Wnt and JNK pathways [4].

In diseases, abnormal Csrp1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in colon cancer, where higher expression is related to a mesenchymal, stroma-rich tumor profile, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and a specific consensus molecular subtype (CMS4) [1]. In colon adenocarcinoma, it promotes tumor growth and migration, and higher expression indicates a worse prognosis [2]. In acute myeloid leukemia, it is an independent prognostic factor, correlates with immune-related pathways, and shows differential sensitivity to drugs [3,6]. In prostate cancer, low Csrp1 expression promotes the progression from hormone-sensitive to castration-resistant prostate cancer [5]. In neuroblastoma, it is involved in differentiation, apoptosis, and innate immunity, and can enhance the effects of combination therapies [7]. In cattle, variants of Csrp1 are associated with growth and carcass traits [8].

In conclusion, Csrp1 is crucial for development and cellular differentiation, with its abnormal expression linked to various cancers and hematological diseases. Studies on Csrp1 in different genetic models, though not specifically KO/CKO mouse models in the provided references, have enhanced our understanding of its role in disease progression, potentially guiding future therapeutic strategies.

References:

1. Demirkol Canli, Seçil. 2023. CSRP1 expression is associated with a mesenchymal, stroma-rich tumor profile and poor prognosis in colon cancer. In Turkish journal of medical sciences, 53, 1678-1689. doi:10.55730/1300-0144.5736. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38813484/

2. Yu, Senlong, Zhao, Haifeng, Meng, Hongjie, Bian, Tianhua, Ruan, Canping. 2023. CSRP1 Promotes Colon Adenocarcinoma Growth and Serves as an Independent Risk Biomarker for Worse Prognosis. In Genetics research, 2023, 8586507. doi:10.1155/2023/8586507. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37113556/

3. Zhao, Chunxia, Wang, Yulu, Wang, Huan, Schmidt-Wolf, Ingo G H, Wang, Zifeng. 2024. CSRP1 gene: a potential novel prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukemia with implications for immune response. In Discover oncology, 15, 248. doi:10.1007/s12672-024-01088-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38937285/

4. Miyasaka, Kota Y, Kida, Yasuyuki S, Sato, Takayuki, Minami, Mari, Ogura, Toshihiko. 2007. Csrp1 regulates dynamic cell movements of the mesendoderm and cardiac mesoderm through interactions with Dishevelled and Diversin. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 11274-9. doi:. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17592114/

5. Pan, Chenxi, Wang, Wei, He, Yi, Yang, Bo. 2025. Identification of CSRP1 as novel biomarker for hormone-sensitive prostate cancer by the combination of clinical and functional research. In Cancer cell international, 25, 65. doi:10.1186/s12935-025-03708-y. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39994616/

6. Hao, Qianqian, Liu, Yu, Liu, Yajun, Wang, Shujuan, Sun, Ling. 2024. Cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 1 predicts prognosis and therapy response in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. In Clinical and experimental medicine, 24, 57. doi:10.1007/s10238-023-01269-w. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38546813/

7. Lin, Yu-Han, Jiang, Jyun-Hong, Chuang, Hui-Ching, Lian, Wei-Shiung, Chuang, Jiin-Haur. . The Involvement of CSRP1 in Neuroblastoma Differentiation and Apoptosis Impacting Tumor-Suppressive Therapeutic Responses. In FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 39, e70521. doi:10.1096/fj.202500403R. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40198006/

8. He, Hua, Liu, Xiao-lin, Zhang, Hui-lin, Liu, Yu, Chen, Ling. 2013. SNV and haplotype analysis reveals new CSRP1 variants associated with growth and carcass traits. In Gene, 522, 206-13. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.030. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23537997/