Ptger3, also known as Prostaglandin E receptor 3, is involved in various biological processes in the human body. It plays a role in neural-mediated physiological changes, such as those related to influenza-induced sickness and sodium consumption regulation. It is also associated with the Ras-MAPK/Erk-ETS1-ELK1/CFTR1 axis, and the PGE2-Ptger3 axis which are involved in different cellular functions [3,5,6,8].

In multiple cancers, Ptger3 shows distinct roles. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), low Ptger3 expression is linked to poor prognosis. Upregulation of Ptger3 promotes ferroptosis and enhances sensitivity to paclitaxel by repressing GPX4 expression, while downregulation inhibits ferroptosis by increasing GPX4 expression and activating the PI3K-AKT pathway [1]. In ovarian cancer, higher tumoral expression of Ptger3 is associated with shorter patient survival, and its silencing leads to decreased cell growth, less invasiveness, cell-cycle arrest, and increased apoptosis [3]. In clear cell renal carcinoma, reduced Ptger3 expression is correlated with a poor prognosis and is associated with immune infiltration [4]. In endometriosis, Ptger3 is identified as one of the biomarkers, and 16 drugs targeting it are extracted as potential therapies [2]. In diabetic nephropathy, Ptger3 may be involved in the disease process through competing endogenous RNA mechanisms [7].

In conclusion, Ptger3 is crucial in multiple biological processes and diseases. Gene-knockout or conditional-knockout mouse models (although not all references specifically mention them) could potentially further clarify its functions in these processes. Its role in cancer progression, immune infiltration, and as a biomarker in various diseases highlights its significance in understanding disease mechanisms and developing potential therapeutic strategies.

References:

1. Wang, Song, Zhang, Yueyao, Zhang, Dan, Zhao, Xiulan, Liu, Tieju. 2024. PTGER3 knockdown inhibits the vulnerability of triple-negative breast cancer to ferroptosis. In Cancer science, 115, 2067-2081. doi:10.1111/cas.16169. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38566528/

2. Jiang, Hong, Zhang, Xia, Wu, Yalan, Chen, Lihong, He, Xinqin. 2022. Bioinformatics identification and validation of biomarkers and infiltrating immune cells in endometriosis. In Frontiers in immunology, 13, 944683. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.944683. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36524127/

3. Rodriguez-Aguayo, Cristian, Bayraktar, Emine, Ivan, Cristina, Sood, Anil K, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel. 2019. PTGER3 induces ovary tumorigenesis and confers resistance to cisplatin therapy through up-regulation Ras-MAPK/Erk-ETS1-ELK1/CFTR1 axis. In EBioMedicine, 40, 290-304. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.045. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30655206/

4. Yang, Ke, Hu, Bin, Zhu, Guohua, Liu, Heng, Zhu, Jianguo. . Correlation of Reduced PTGER3 Expression with Prognosis and Immune Infiltration in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma. In Archivos espanoles de urologia, 76, 270-282. doi:10.56434/j.arch.esp.urol.20237604.31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37455526/

5. Bin, Na-Ryum, Prescott, Sara L, Horio, Nao, Chiu, Isaac M, Liberles, Stephen D. 2023. An airway-to-brain sensory pathway mediates influenza-induced sickness. In Nature, 615, 660-667. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05796-0. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36890237/

6. Zhang, Yameng, Pool, Allan-Hermann, Wang, Tongtong, Palmiter, Richard, Oka, Yuki. 2023. Parallel neural pathways control sodium consumption and taste valence. In Cell, 186, 5751-5765.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37989313/

7. Yu, Yue, Jia, Yuan-Yuan, Wang, Meng, Mu, Lin, Li, Hong-Jun. 2021. PTGER3 and MMP-2 play potential roles in diabetic nephropathy via competing endogenous RNA mechanisms. In BMC nephrology, 22, 27. doi:10.1186/s12882-020-02194-w. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33435900/

8. Yao, Hua, Fu, Xin, Xu, Qian, Kang, Yan, Wu, Qin. 2023. The macrophages regulate intestinal motility dysfunction through the PGE2 Ptger3 axis during Klebsiella pneumonia sepsis. In Frontiers in immunology, 14, 1147674. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147674. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37063880/