Ociad2, also known as Ovarian carcinoma immunoreactive antigen-like protein 2, has diverse functions. It is involved in multiple biological processes and disease-related pathways. Ociad2 has been implicated in regulating the AKT signaling pathway, γ-secretase activity, and mitochondrial complex III assembly. It also affects cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and the Warburg effect, which is significant in cancer metabolism. Genetic models like knockout human embryonic stem cell lines have been generated to study its functions [5,6].

In cancer research, pan-cancer analysis showed Ociad2 expression was closely related to clinical outcomes in many cancer types. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), it was highly expressed, associated with poor prognosis, and promoted the Warburg effect via the AKT signaling pathway [1]. In lung adenocarcinoma, its overexpression was mainly due to CpG hypomethylation, and this was associated with poor outcomes [2]. In hepatocellular carcinoma, its reduced expression by DNA hypermethylation was important for tumor growth and invasion [4]. In glioblastoma, Ociad2 was highly expressed, and its silencing inhibited cell proliferation and migration, suggesting it as a potential prognostic biomarker [7]. In hepatitis C virus replication, Ociad2 was identified as a proviral factor recruited into the HCV RNA replication complex by interacting with NS4B [3].

In conclusion, Ociad2 plays essential roles in cancer development, viral replication, and mitochondrial function. Studies using knockout models have provided insights into its role in various disease conditions, especially in cancer, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker.

References:

1. Yin, Yi-Fan, Jia, Qin-Yuan, Yao, Hong-Fei, Huo, Yan-Miao, Liu, Wei. 2024. OCIAD2 promotes pancreatic cancer progression through the AKT signaling pathway. In Gene, 927, 148735. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2024.148735. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38944166/

2. Maki, Masahiro, JeongMin, Hong, Nakagawa, Tomoki, Sato, Yukio, Noguchi, Masayuki. 2022. Aberrant OCIAD2 demethylation in lung adenocarcinoma is associated with outcome. In Pathology international, 72, 496-505. doi:10.1111/pin.13262. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35920378/

3. Yang, Zibing, Ouyang, Tao, Aoyagi, Haruyo, Li, Sha, Kong, Lingbao. 2021. Cellular OCIAD2 protein is a proviral factor for hepatitis C virus replication. In International journal of biological macromolecules, 188, 147-159. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.032. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371038/

4. Wu, Dan, Yang, Xufang, Peng, Huiming, Zhao, Chen, Zhou, Xiaobo. . OCIAD2 suppressed tumor growth and invasion via AKT pathway in Hepatocelluar carcinoma. In Carcinogenesis, 38, 910-919. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgx073. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28911005/

5. Kamat, Kajal, Inamdar, Maneesha S. 2023. Generation of OCIAD2 homozygous knockout (BJNhem20-OCIAD2-CRISPR-33) and heterozygous knockout (BJNhem20-OCIAD2-CRISPR-40) human embryonic stem cell lines using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated targeting. In Stem cell research, 67, 103026. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2023.103026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36642056/

6. Prakash, Aishwarya, Kamat, Kajal, Inamdar, Maneesha S. 2023. Generation of an OCIAD2 overexpressing transgenic human embryonic stem cell line, BJNhem20-OCIAD2-OV. In Stem cell research, 67, 103027. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2023.103027. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640474/

7. Huang, Danna, Chen, Lu, Liu, Yu, Liu, Yingying, Pan, Yu. 2024. Knockdown of Anoikis-Associated Gene OCIAD2 Reduces Proliferation and Migration of Glioblastoma Cell Lines. In Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening, , . doi:10.2174/0113862073305357240719070044. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39076095/