The term "Cad" has multiple meanings in different contexts. In the biomedical field, when referring to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), it is a chronic inflammatory disease that can be obstructive or non-obstructive. Atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic plaque rupture are involved in its development. CAD is a major cause of death, with modifiable risk factors such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension [3].

CAD can be managed through various means. Exercise training is a major component of cardiac rehabilitation for CAD patients, reducing cardiovascular mortality, morbidity, and re-hospitalization [2]. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is an accurate non-invasive method to assess CAD. The "Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System" (CAD-RADS) enables standardized reporting of CTA findings, providing suggestions for clinical management based on the highest-grade coronary artery lesion. CAD-RADS has the potential to improve communication between imagers and caregivers, and can be used to predict major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality [1,4]. A novel functional CAD-RADS integrated with coronary CT angiography-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) shows superior value over anatomical CAD-RADS in guiding therapeutic decisions [5].

In conclusion, CAD is a significant health concern with various risk factors. Management strategies like exercise and diagnostic tools such as CAD-RADS play crucial roles in the treatment and prognosis of CAD patients. Understanding CAD through these aspects helps in better patient care and in developing preventive strategies.

References:

1. Foldyna, Borek, Szilveszter, Bálint, Scholtz, Jan-Erik, Maurovich-Horvat, Pál, Hoffmann, Udo. 2017. CAD-RADS - a new clinical decision support tool for coronary computed tomography angiography. In European radiology, 28, 1365-1372. doi:10.1007/s00330-017-5105-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29116390/

2. Akyuz, Aydin. . Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease. In Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1228, 169-179. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342457/

3. Prasad, Kailash. 2021. Current Status of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease. In The International journal of angiology : official publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc, 30, 177-186. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1731273. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34776817/

4. Ahmadzadeh, Koohyar, Roshdi Dizaji, Shayan, Kiah, Mohammad, Miri, Reza, Yousefifard, Mahmoud. 2023. The value of Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) in Outcome Prediction of CAD Patients; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. In Archives of academic emergency medicine, 11, e45. doi:10.22037/aaem.v11i1.1997. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37609531/

5. Tang, Chun Xiang, Qiao, Hong Yan, Zhang, Xiao Lei, Lu, Guang Ming, Zhang, Long Jiang. 2022. Functional CAD-RADS using FFRCT on therapeutic management and prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. In European radiology, 32, 5210-5221. doi:10.1007/s00330-022-08618-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35258672/