Psd may refer to two main concepts. One is related to Post-stroke depression, where "PSD" is an abbreviation. Post-stroke depression is a common and serious sequela of stroke, affecting approximately 18-41% of stroke survivors within 2 years [1,3]. It is associated with higher mortality, poorer recovery, more pronounced cognitive deficits, and lower quality of life. The pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving decreased levels of monoamines, abnormal neurotrophic response, increased inflammation with dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity [1].

The other refers to the postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), encoded by the DLG4 gene. PSD-95 is a scaffolding protein in the postsynaptic density of excitatory neurons, crucial for synaptic strength and plasticity. It organizes key PSD components essential for synaptic signaling, development, and survival [2]. Variants in DLG4 encoding PSD-95 can cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with features like intellectual disability, developmental delay, and epilepsy [2].

In conclusion, Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a significant complication of stroke with complex pathophysiology, while PSD-95 is a key protein in synaptic function and its genetic variants are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. The study of these aspects of Psd helps in understanding the mechanisms of stroke-related depression and neurodevelopmental problems, potentially leading to better treatment strategies.

References:

1. Medeiros, Gustavo C, Roy, Durga, Kontos, Nicholas, Beach, Scott R. 2020. Post-stroke depression: A 2020 updated review. In General hospital psychiatry, 66, 70-80. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.011. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32717644/

2. Levy, Amanda M, Gomez-Puertas, Paulino, Tümer, Zeynep. 2022. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with PSD-95 and Its Interaction Partners. In International journal of molecular sciences, 23, . doi:10.3390/ijms23084390. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35457207/

3. Guo, Jianglong, Wang, Jinjing, Sun, Wen, Liu, Xinfeng. 2021. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. In Journal of neurology, 269, 1236-1249. doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10597-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34052887/