Gda, also known as Glycodelin-A, is a glycoprotein proposed as a potential biomarker of endometrial function. It is synthesized by endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Gda is involved in embryo implantation and has different glycosylated glycoforms expressed in each phase of the menstrual cycle [1]. It may play a role in maintaining endometrial receptivity, which is crucial for a successful pregnancy.

In women with endometriosis, the expression profile of Gda in the endometrium is altered. There is a significant increase in Gda protein expression with a different glycoforms profile during the secretory phase in endometriotic eutopic endometrium, and its protein localization is also different compared to women with proven fertility [1]. In cases of recurrent and spontaneous miscarriage, the protein level of Gda in the decidual stroma is significantly decreased compared to healthy pregnancies, and it shows a negative correlation with Pregnancy Zone Protein (PZP) in the decidual stromal tissue of recurrent abortion [2].

In conclusion, Gda is a complex glycoprotein with a role in endometrial function and embryo implantation. Its dysregulation in conditions like endometriosis and miscarriage indicates its importance in maintaining a healthy pregnancy environment. Understanding Gda through these observations provides insights into the mechanisms underlying endometrial-related pathologies and pregnancy-related disorders.

References:

1. Focarelli, Riccardo, Luddi, Alice, De Leo, Vincenzo, Petraglia, Felice, Piomboni, Paola. 2017. Dysregulation of GdA Expression in Endometrium of Women With Endometriosis: Implication for Endometrial Receptivity. In Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 25, 579-586. doi:10.1177/1933719117718276. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28683601/

2. Löb, Sanja, Vattai, Aurelia, Kuhn, Christina, Jeschke, Udo, Vilsmaier, Theresa. 2020. Pregnancy Zone Protein (PZP) is significantly upregulated in the decidua of recurrent and spontaneous miscarriage and negatively correlated to Glycodelin A (GdA). In Journal of reproductive immunology, 143, 103267. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2020.103267. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33388716/