ANO3, also known as Anoctamin-3, is a gene whose encoded protein is involved in functions related to calcium homeostasis [3]. Mutations in ANO3 are associated with autosomal dominant dystonia, particularly Dystonia-24 (DYT24), which shows phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity [4,5].

Mutations in ANO3 have been found to cause various forms of dystonia. In different families, affected individuals present with symptoms such as tremor, painful dystonic movements, diffuse dystonic tremor, mild extrapyramidal signs, psychomotor delay, and learning difficulties [1]. Younger patients with ANO3 mutations seem to display a more severe phenotype, potentially due to variants near the scrambling domain [1]. Missense mutations in ANO3 may underlie complex disorders characterized by early psychomotor regression and dystonia [2]. In Chinese dystonia patients, several ANO3 variants have been identified, expanding the mutational and clinical spectrum of DYT24 [4,5]. However, the disease relevance of novel ANO3 variants remains difficult to interpret, and functional studies are needed [6].

In conclusion, ANO3 plays a crucial role in calcium-related functions, and its mutations are significantly associated with dystonia. The study of ANO3-related dystonia through patient-based genetic analysis helps to understand the genotype-phenotype relationships in dystonia, which may contribute to the development of better diagnostic and treatment strategies for this movement disorder.