Rfx3, Regulatory Factor X 3, is a major transcription factor essential for ciliogenesis and cilia functions [2]. It is also involved in pancreatic islet cell differentiation and mature β -cell functions [2]. RFX genes, including Rfx3, are master regulators of central nervous system development [1]. Ciliogenesis is a key associated pathway, and Rfx3's role is crucial for normal development and physiological functions. Genetic models, like gene knockout mice, are valuable for studying its functions.

In gene knockout models, loss of Rfx3 disrupted pancreatic endocrine gene regulation, reduced hormone-secreting islet cells, and impaired beta-cell function and insulin secretion [4]. In mice, Rfx3 deficiency led to left-right asymmetry defects due to abnormal nodal cilia development, as Rfx3 is expressed in ciliated cells of the node and regulates genes involved in intraflagellar transport [5]. In human airway epithelium, while FOXJ1 is important for cilia gene expression during ciliated cell differentiation, Rfx3 acts as a transcriptional co-activator to FOXJ1 [3]. Mutations in Rfx3 in humans are associated with neurobehavioral phenotypes such as autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [1].

In conclusion, Rfx3 is vital for ciliogenesis, pancreatic islet cell differentiation, and central nervous system development. Gene knockout mouse models have revealed its significant roles in these biological processes. Its association with ciliopathies, diabetes-related pancreatic islet function, and neurodevelopmental disorders like autism highlights its importance in understanding disease mechanisms [1,2,3,4,5].