Diaph2, a diaphanous related formin, is a regulatory cytoskeletal protein involved in actin elongation and microtubule stabilization [5,6,7,8]. It is part of pathways related to cell movement, adhesion, and cell cycle progression, and is of great biological importance in processes like development and tissue homeostasis. Genetic models, such as mouse models, can be valuable for studying its functions.

In terms of disease associations, certain polymorphisms in Diaph2, like rs6620138 and rs12851931, are related to an increased risk of laryngeal cancer [1,3]. DIAPH2 alterations, including deletions and single nucleotide variants targeting conserved domains, are present primarily in metastasizing specimens of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and may contribute to the tumor's metastatic potential [4]. Also, Diaph2 has been linked to primary ovarian insufficiency, being one of the genes associated with ovarian development and meiosis/DNA repair pathways relevant to this condition [2]. In the inner ear, although Diaph2 knock-out and knock-in mice showed no hearing impairment, it may still play a role in the inner ear as its ortholog protein is expressed in the cochlea's sensory outer hair cells [5]. In colorectal cancer cells, stable down-regulation of Diaph2 expression affects chromosome alignment, movement, proliferation rate, and colony formation, and Diaph2 controls spindle microtubule dynamics independent of its FH2-domain [6].

In summary, Diaph2 is crucial for cytoskeletal regulation and is involved in various biological processes. Studies using mouse models and genetic analysis have revealed its significant associations with laryngeal cancer, primary ovarian insufficiency, and its potential role in the inner ear and colorectal cancer. Understanding Diaph2's functions through these models provides insights into the mechanisms of these diseases, which may be beneficial for future disease treatment and prevention strategies.