Hmcn1, which codes for hemicentin-1, is an extracellular matrix protein. It belongs to the fibulin family and plays pivotal roles in development and tissue homeostasis. Hmcn1 is involved in maintaining basement membrane integrity and interacts with proteins like nidogen-2 and laminins [7]. It also contributes to processes related to cell-matrix interactions and may be involved in various signaling pathways.

In epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), deleterious variants in Hmcn1 co-segregate with a more severe phenotype in individuals with EBS caused by KRT14 mutations. Hemicentin-1 binds K14, and its deficiency leads to subepidermal blisters and reduced keratin intermediate filament formation, indicating its role in basement membrane zone (BMZ) stability [1]. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), Hmcn1 mutation is associated with tumor mutation burden, clinical prognosis, and may regulate metabolism and the immune microenvironment [2]. In ovarian carcinoma, SRPX and Hmcn1 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are upregulated, and their silencing suppresses OC cell invasion via the RhoA signaling pathway [3]. In breast cancer, the variant allele frequency (VAF) of Hmcn1 correlates with prognosis and lymph node status, suggesting it as a potential metastatic factor [4]. In tooth root formation, Hmcn1 promotes mesenchymal cell differentiation, influencing dentinogenesis and pulp cell migration [5]. In glomerular diseases, increased Hmcn1 expression is associated with podocyte dysfunction and may serve as a marker for early glomerular damage [6].

In conclusion, Hmcn1 is crucial for maintaining tissue integrity and function in various biological processes. Its role in diseases such as EBS, ccRCC, ovarian carcinoma, breast cancer, and in dental and kidney-related conditions has been revealed through genetic and functional studies. These findings from different research models contribute to our understanding of the biological functions of Hmcn1 and its implications in disease mechanisms.