MTX1, also known as Metaxin 1, has been implicated in multiple biological processes and diseases. It appears to be involved in autophagy regulation, and is associated with mitochondria-related functions [1,4]. In the context of disease, it has connections to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gout, Parkinson's disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [1,2,3,4].

In HCC, MTX1 was identified through genome-scale CRISPR activation screening as a contributor to sorafenib resistance. Overexpression of MTX1 promoted HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, increased cell growth rate, decreased apoptosis upon sorafenib treatment, and was linked to poor outcomes in patients receiving sorafenib. Mechanistically, it promotes autophagy by interacting with and inhibiting CISD1, an autophagy negative regulator [1].

In gout, MTX1 was identified as one of four genes related by protein-protein interaction network analysis [2].

In Parkinson's disease, the MTX1 c.184T > A (p.S63T) variation was associated with GBA mutations, and the homozygous MTX1 c.184A/A genotype was associated with an earlier age of motor symptoms onset in patients with GBA mutations [3].

In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, MTX1 was among the mitochondria-related genes associated with the disease, and its expression was elevated in pulmonary myofibroblasts of IPF [4].

In conclusion, MTX1 plays diverse and significant roles in various biological processes and disease conditions. Its overexpression in HCC contributes to sorafenib resistance through autophagy regulation. In Parkinson's disease, its specific genetic variation modifies the age of onset in GBA-associated cases. And in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, its altered expression in relevant cells may be involved in the disease pathogenesis. The study of MTX1 using genetic models helps to understand its role in these diseases, potentially providing new therapeutic targets [1,3,4].