Irf2, or interferon regulatory factor 2, is a transcription factor belonging to the IRF family. It plays diverse roles in multiple biological processes. It is involved in cytokine signaling, cell growth regulation, and hematopoietic development [4]. In the immune system, Irf2 is associated with interferon-mediated signaling pathways, which are crucial for immune activation and suppression [2,6].

In colorectal cancer, oncogenic KRASG12D (KRAS∗) represses Irf2 expression. This repression leads to high CXCL3 expression, promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cell migration to the tumor microenvironment and resulting in anti-PD-1 resistance. Enforced Irf2 expression can overcome this resistance [1]. In CD8+ T cells, deletion of Irf2 prevents T cell exhaustion within the tumor, enabling sustained effector functions and enhancing responsiveness to immune checkpoint and adoptive cell therapies [2]. In osteosarcoma, Irf2 negatively correlates with karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2). Irf2 binds to the KPNA2 promoter to modulate the malignant phenotypes of osteosarcoma cells [3]. For NK cells, knockdown of Irf2 greatly reduces the cell numbers of all early differentiation stages and impairs functional maturation [5]. In the context of myocardial infarction, IRF2 upregulation mediates gasdermin-D (GSDMD) induced pyroptosis [7]. Also, IRF2 is essential for GSDMD transcriptional activation, and its deficiency attenuates GSDMD expression, IL-1β secretion, and pyroptosis [8]. In melanomas, loss of Irf2 reduces MHC I pathway transcripts and causes resistance to checkpoint immunotherapy, but this can be reversed by interferon-induced IRF1 expression [9].

In conclusion, Irf2 has a wide-ranging impact on biological processes, especially in the immune system and in various diseases. Gene knockout or knockdown models in different cell types and animal models, such as mouse models, have been crucial in revealing its role in immune evasion, tumor development, cell differentiation, and pyroptosis-related pathologies. These findings provide potential targets for enhancing cancer control and treating other diseases like myocardial infarction.