Ptpn3, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 3, is a member of the membrane-associated non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family. It plays roles in various cellular processes, affecting cell growth, migration, and immune-related functions. It is involved in signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and is also associated with the regulation of TGF-β signaling [3,4].

In pancreatic cancer, Ptpn3 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and promotes tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model, partially through the MAPK pathway, suggesting it could be a therapeutic target [1].

In lung neuroendocrine tumors, Ptpn3 inhibition enhances the anti-tumor effect of activated lymphocytes, and in vitro experiments show its involvement in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, mediated by MAPK and PI3K signals [2].

In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, overexpression of Ptpn3 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth, and lung metastasis by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway [4].

In perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, Ptpn3 suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation and arresting the cell cycle, and its low expression is associated with large tumor size and unfavorable prognosis [5].

In conclusion, Ptpn3 has diverse functions in different cancer types, mainly regulating cell growth, migration, and invasion through various signaling pathways. Mouse xenograft models and in vitro experiments have been crucial in revealing these functions, providing potential therapeutic targets for cancers such as pancreatic, lung neuroendocrine, clear cell renal cell, and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.