Tgfb1, which encodes TGF-β1, is a gene of great significance. TGF-β1 is a potent cytokine that regulates various cellular processes such as immune responses, and is involved in pathways like the TGFB1/INHBA Homodimer/Nodal-SMAD2/3 signaling network. It plays a context-dependent role in cancers and is crucial for normal physiological functions as well as disease-related processes [2,3].

In the context of intestinal regeneration, irradiation-induced damage to intestinal crypts leads to a surge in Tgfb1 expression mediated by monocyte/macrophage cells. Depletion of macrophages or genetic disruption of TGFB signaling significantly impairs the regenerative response. Tgfb1 treatment in organoid culture can induce a fetal-like/regenerative state, and mesenchymal cells' response to Tgfb1 enhances the regenerative response. Pro-regenerative factors YAP/TEAD and SOX9 are activated in the epithelium exposed to Tgfb1 [1].

In pancreatic cancer, the TGFB1/INHBA homodimer/Nodal-SMAD2/3 signaling network is a pivotal molecular target in the development of chemoresistance, regulating mechanisms like enhancing the stem-cell-like properties of pancreatic cancer cells [2].

In conclusion, Tgfb1 is essential for regulating multiple cellular functions. Studies using genetic disruption models in the intestine and pancreatic cancer research have revealed its role in tissue regeneration and cancer-related chemoresistance. Understanding Tgfb1 provides insights into normal physiological repair mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for diseases such as intestinal injury and pancreatic cancer [1,2].