OXR1, or Oxidation Resistance 1, is a gene of the TLDc domain-containing family, highly conserved across species. It is involved in multiple fundamental biological and cellular processes such as DNA damage response, antioxidant pathways, cell cycle, neuronal protection, and arginine methylation [3].

In Drosophila, knockdown of mtd (the fly homolog of OXR1) in adulthood inhibited dietary-restriction-mediated lifespan extension in female flies. Loss of mtd/OXR1 destabilized the retromer, leading to improper protein trafficking and endolysosomal defects [1].

In mice, Oxr1-deficient mice display cerebellar neurodegeneration, indicating its essential role in protecting against oxidative-stress-induced neurodegeneration. Over-expression of Oxr1 in neurons made them less susceptible to exogenous stress [2].

In human disease models, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a loss-of-function mutation in OXR1 showed impaired neural differentiation and dysregulation of genes essential for neurodevelopment. The mutation also disrupted the spatial-temporal regulation of histone arginine methylation in neurodevelopment [3].

In conclusion, OXR1 plays a crucial role in maintaining retromer function, protecting neurons from oxidative-stress-induced neurodegeneration, and regulating neurodevelopment. Its deficiency is associated with various neurological diseases and cellular impairments, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and a key factor in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of related pathologies [1,2,3].