Rnf19b, also known as Natural Killer Lytic-Associated Molecule (NKLAM), is a member of the RBR E3 ubiquitin ligase family. As an E3 ubiquitin ligase, it mediates the ubiquitination of multiple substrates, which can lead to proteasome-mediated substrate degradation, or alter protein localization and function. It is involved in various biological processes, including innate immune responses [4].

In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), DIRAS3 enhances RNF19B-mediated RAC1 ubiquitination and degradation, suppressing NSCLC cell migration and this axis is associated with the malignant progression of NSCLC [1]. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), elevated RNF19B expression is linked to unfavorable prognostic outcomes, and it can facilitate the transformation of macrophages into M2-polarized macrophages, being significantly positively correlated with PD-1 and CTLA-4, thus identified as a novel prognostic marker for predicting overall survival and immunotherapy effects in HCC patients [2]. In male ankylosing spondylitis, RNF19B, along with RAB5C and SYNJ1, may play a role in the disease's occurrence and development through regulating immune cell functions as monocytes and macrophages levels are related to these genes [3].

In conclusion, Rnf19b is an important E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in ubiquitination processes. Studies in models related to NSCLC, HCC, and ankylosing spondylitis have revealed its significance in disease-related biological processes, such as cancer cell migration, prognosis, and immune cell regulation, highlighting its potential as a prognostic marker and a target for further therapeutic exploration in these diseases.

References:

1. Wang, Yingying, Wei, Minli, Su, Min, Su, Ling, Liu, Xiangguo. 2023. DIRAS3 enhances RNF19B-mediated RAC1 ubiquitination and degradation in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. In iScience, 26, 107157. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107157. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37485351/

2. Li, Jieying, Wang, Hui, Lu, Qian, Huang, Jianfei, Ji, Juling. 2024. Lysosome-Related Genes and RNF19B as Prognostic Markers for Survival and Immunotherapy Efficacy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In Clinical and translational gastroenterology, 15, e1. doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000701. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38546132/

3. Zhang, Di, Li, Bo, Guo, Rui, Hu, Xumin, Gao, Liangbin. . RAB5C, SYNJ1, and RNF19B promote male ankylosing spondylitis by regulating immune cell infiltration. In Annals of translational medicine, 9, 1011. doi:10.21037/atm-21-2721. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34277811/

4. Lawrence, Donald W, Willard, Paul A, Cochran, Allyson M, Matchett, Emily C, Kornbluth, Jacki. 2020. Natural Killer Lytic-Associated Molecule (NKLAM): An E3 Ubiquitin Ligase With an Integral Role in Innate Immunity. In Frontiers in physiology, 11, 573372. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.573372. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33192571/