Ado can refer to multiple things. It can stand for adenosine, a purinergic signaling molecule in the brain that modulates many physiological and pathological functions [3]. Additionally, it might refer to 2-Aminoethanethiol dioxygenase (ADO), which sulfinylates cysteamine and amino-terminal cysteines in polypeptides. ADO is involved in maintaining cancer cell mitochondrial redox homeostasis through restraining polyamine levels and proline catabolism [1]. Also, ADO can be an abbreviation for autosomal dominant osteopetrosis, a form of osteopetrosis characterized by generalized osteosclerosis, often due to mutations in the chloride channel 7 (CLCN7) gene [2].

In the context of ADO as 2-Aminoethanethiol dioxygenase, its depletion in cancer cells led to loss of proliferative capacity and survival, along with reduced xenograft growth, while the ADO knockout mouse showed high tolerance for ADO depletion in adult tissues. This indicates that ADO has a crucial role in cancer cell survival but is dispensable in normal adult tissues [1]. For autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO), mutations in genes like CLCN7 and TCIRG1 lead to abnormal osteoclast function, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations such as fractures, osteonecrosis, and bone marrow failure [2,4].

In summary, Ado in the form of 2-Aminoethanethiol dioxygenase is essential for maintaining redox homeostasis in cancer cells, while in the context of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis, gene mutations associated with it disrupt normal bone remodeling processes. The study of ADO knockout mouse models for 2-Aminoethanethiol dioxygenase and genetic analysis in autosomal dominant osteopetrosis patients helps in understanding these biological functions and disease mechanisms [1,2,4].

References:

1. Lee, Sandy Che-Eun S, Pyo, Andrea Hye An, Mohammadi, Helia, Jones, Courtney L, Koritzinsky, Marianne. 2024. Cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO) governs cancer cell mitochondrial redox homeostasis through proline metabolism. In Science advances, 10, eadq0355. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adq0355. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39356760/

2. Polgreen, Lynda E, Imel, Erik A, Econs, Michael J. 2023. Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis. In Bone, 170, 116723. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2023.116723. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863500/

3. Wu, Zhaofa, Cui, Yuting, Wang, Huan, Luo, Minmin, Li, Yulong. 2023. Neuronal activity-induced, equilibrative nucleoside transporter-dependent, somatodendritic adenosine release revealed by a GRAB sensor. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120, e2212387120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2212387120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36996110/

4. Jodeh, Wade, Katz, Amy J, Hart, Marian, Imel, Erik A, Econs, Michael J. . Autosomal Dominant Osteopetrosis (ADO) Caused by a Missense Variant in the TCIRG1 Gene. In The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 109, 1726-1732. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae040. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38261998/