ELMO2, a member of the Elmo protein family, is involved in multiple cellular processes. It plays a role in regulating Rac1 and Akt activation, and is associated with pathways such as the ELMO/DOCK/Rac signaling pathway. ELMO2 also participates in important biological functions like cell motility, phagocytosis, and insulin-dependent Glut4 membrane translocation [3,4,6]. Gene knockout models, like those in zebrafish, can be valuable for studying its functions [7].

ELMO2 biallelic pathogenic loss-of-function (LOF) variants are associated with conditions such as Ramon syndrome, characterized by cherubism, gingival fibromatosis, epilepsy, etc., and primary intraosseous vascular malformation (PIVM), presenting with gingival bleeding and cherubism phenotype. In pancreatic cancer, ELMO2 knockdown inhibits cell chemotaxis, migration, invasion, and F-actin polymerization, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target. In muscle, genetic ablation of Elmo2 in Elmo1 -/- mice leads to severe myoblast fusion defects, and biasing its conformation can impact muscle regeneration. In zebrafish, elmo2 -/- mutants show distinct changes in vascular and glomerular structure, metabolome, and transcriptome [1,2,5,7].

In conclusion, ELMO2 is crucial for multiple biological processes. Studies using gene-knockout models have revealed its significant roles in diseases like Ramon syndrome and PIVM, as well as in cancer and muscle-related pathologies. These findings enhance our understanding of the biological functions of ELMO2 and provide potential directions for therapeutic interventions in associated diseases.