Gsn, also known as gelsolin, is a member of the superfamily of gel proteins and an important actin-binding protein. It is involved in regulating a variety of cellular activities such as cell motility, apoptosis, signal transduction, and inflammatory responses [4]. Gsn can sever and cap actin filaments, thus regulating dynamic actin filament organization, which in turn impacts cell morphology, differentiation, movement, and apoptosis [8].

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), Gsn frameshift mutations (like P3fs and K346fs) may be associated with the disease. These mutations lead to the loss of Gsn's function in inhibiting Aβ-induced toxicity. Also, the level of Gsn in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid is higher in AD cases compared to controls, and it may be a compensatory reaction and a potential biomarker for early AD [1].

In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Gsn promotes invasion and metastasis through synergizing with the actin-related transfer molecular chain (actin-CD44-MMPs). It activates MMP2 by interacting with MMP14, with CD44 being a key node in this mechanism [2].

In cardiac hypertrophy, crotonylation of NAE1 at K238 promotes Gsn neddylation, enhancing its protein stability and expression. This leads to adverse cytoskeletal remodeling and progression of pathological hypertrophy [3].

In four Chinese cattle breeds, a 21 bp mutation in the second intron of the Gsn gene is associated with growth traits, suggesting it could be used for molecular marker-assisted selection [4].

In non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), hnRNPK positively regulates Gsn expression, and this regulation is related to the cell migration ability [5].

A novel Gsn variant (GSN:c.1477T>C,p.(Trp493Arg)) is associated with Amyloidosis of the Finnish type [6].

In female Caucasians, Gsn is significant for hip bone mineral density (BMD), with its protein and mRNA levels down-regulated in low BMD subjects [7].

In cardiomyocytes, overexpression of Gsn induces cardiac hypertrophy and increases pathological hypertrophy markers, regulated by the p38/GATA4 pathway [8].

In conclusion, Gsn plays essential roles in multiple biological processes and diseases. Studies on Gsn using various models have revealed its significance in diseases like AD, HCC, cardiac hypertrophy, and its association with growth traits in cattle, hip BMD in female Caucasians, and cell migration in NSCLC. These findings provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.