Ptpn3, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 3, is a gene with diverse functions. It is involved in various cellular processes, and its dysregulation is linked to oncogenic processes. It participates in multiple signaling pathways, such as the MAPK and PI3K pathways [1,2]. Ptpn3 is also expressed in lymphocytes and dendritic cells, playing roles in the immune system [2,3].

In pancreatic cancer, Ptpn3 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model, with partial mediation through the MAPK pathway, suggesting it could be a therapeutic target [1]. In lung neuroendocrine tumors, Ptpn3 inhibition enhances the anti-tumor effect of activated lymphocytes, and Ptpn3 is involved in malignant traits such as cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, mediated by MAPK and PI3K signals [2]. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, overexpression of Ptpn3 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion, xenograft tumor growth, and lung metastasis by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and it is a favorable prognostic factor [4]. In perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, Ptpn3 suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation and arresting the cell cycle, and low Ptpn3 expression is associated with large tumor size and unfavorable prognosis [5]. In lung cancer, depletion of Ptpn3 enhances cell migration, invasion, and metastasis by promoting actin filament assembly and focal adhesion dynamics [6].

In conclusion, Ptpn3 has a significant impact on cancer-related biological processes, with its functions varying in different cancer types. The use of mouse models in these studies has revealed its role in promoting or suppressing tumor-related behaviors, providing insights into potential cancer therapies targeting Ptpn3. In addition, in sheep, SNPs within Ptpn3 are associated with wool production and growth traits, indicating its role in non-disease-related biological functions as well [7].