C57BL/6JCya-Palmdem1/Cya
Common Name:
Palmd-KO
Product ID:
S-KO-17983
Background:
C57BL/6JCya
Product Type
Age
Genotype
Sex
Quantity
Price:
Contact for Pricing
Basic Information
Strain Name
Palmd-KO
Strain ID
KOCMP-114301-Palmd-B6J-VA
Gene Name
Product ID
S-KO-17983
Gene Alias
4631423C22Rik; PALML
Background
C57BL/6JCya
NCBI ID
Modification
Conventional knockout
Chromosome
3
Phenotype
Document
Application
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Note: When using this mouse strain in a publication, please cite “C57BL/6JCya-Palmdem1/Cya mice (Catalog S-KO-17983) were purchased from Cyagen.”
Strain Description
Ensembl Number
ENSMUST00000040097
NCBI RefSeq
NM_023245
Target Region
Exon 4~6
Size of Effective Region
~2.4 kb
Detailed Document
Overview of Gene Research
Palmd, encoding palmdelphin, is a protein involved in myoblast differentiation. It has been linked to pathways like glycolysis, NF-κB-mediated inflammation, and is associated with cardiac development, remodeling, and extracellular matrix regulation [1,2]. It is also thought to play a role in plasma membrane dynamics [6].
In calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), reduced Palmd expression is associated with increased risk. Palmd-deficient mice show features of CAVD such as increased aortic valve peak velocity and thickened leaflets. In these mice, loss of Palmd impairs TNFAIP3-dependent deubiquitinating activity in valvular endothelial cells, promoting NF-κB activation and aortic valvular remodeling [3]. In vascular smooth muscle cells, Palmd haploinsufficiency (Palmd+/-) aggravates subtotal nephrectomy-induced vascular calcification, disturbing extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation [2]. In the context of isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury, germline and cardiomyocyte-specific Palmd knockout mice exhibit compromised cardiac hypertrophy and aggravated injury, while cardiomyocyte-specific Palmd overexpression mitigates the injury. Palmd ablation also perturbs transverse tubule-sarcoplasmic reticulum ultrastructures [5,7]. In uveal melanoma, low levels of Palmd contribute to metastasis as it promotes cell invasion and migration [4].
In conclusion, Palmd plays essential roles in multiple biological processes, especially in cardiovascular-related functions and diseases. Gene knockout models, such as Palmd-deficient and haploinsufficient mice, have significantly contributed to understanding its role in calcific aortic valve stenosis, vascular calcification, aortic valvular remodeling, and myocardial injury protection. It also has implications in uveal melanoma metastasis. These findings suggest Palmd could be a potential therapeutic target for these diseases.
References:
1. Wang, Siying, Yu, Hongjiao, Gao, Jun, Jiang, Lei, Zhu, Dongxing. 2022. PALMD regulates aortic valve calcification via altered glycolysis and NF-κB-mediated inflammation. In The Journal of biological chemistry, 298, 101887. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101887. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35367413/
2. Zhang, Jichao, Yang, Zhao, Zhang, Congcong, You, Bin, Han, Yingchun. 2024. PALMD haploinsufficiency aggravates extracellular matrix remodeling in vascular smooth muscle cells and promotes calcification. In American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 327, C1012-C1022. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00217.2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39246140/
3. Han, Yingchun, Zhang, Jichao, Yang, Zhao, Liu, Jinghua, Du, Jie. 2023. Palmdelphin Deficiency Evokes NF-κB Signaling in Valvular Endothelial Cells and Aggravates Aortic Valvular Remodeling. In JACC. Basic to translational science, 8, 1457-1472. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.06.004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38093741/
4. Cai, Min-Yun, Xu, Yue-Li, Rong, Hua, Yang, Hai. 2022. Low Level of PALMD Contributes to the Metastasis of Uveal Melanoma. In Frontiers in oncology, 12, 802941. doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.802941. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35494064/
5. Guo, Cong-Ting, Jardin, Blake D, Lin, Jun-Sen, Pu, William T, Guo, Yu-Xuan. 2024. In vivo proximity proteomics uncovers palmdelphin (PALMD) as a Z-disc-associated mitigator of isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury. In Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 45, 2540-2552. doi:10.1038/s41401-024-01348-y. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043970/
6. Wu, Zixuan, Liu, Xiaohua, Tan, Kang, Yao, Xiaolei, Peng, Qinghua. 2024. Integrated machine learning and Mendelian randomization reveal PALMD as a prognostic biomarker for nonspecific orbital inflammation. In Scientific reports, 14, 24020. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74409-1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39402101/
7. Guo, Congting, Jardin, Blake D, Lin, Junsen, Pu, William T, Guo, Yuxuan. 2023. In vivo proximity proteomics uncovers palmdelphin (PALMD) as a Z-line-associated mitigator of isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury. In bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, , . doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570334. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38106146/
Quality Control Standard
Sperm Test
Pre-cryopreservation: Measurement of sperm concentration, determination of sperm viability.
Post-cryopreservation: A vial of cryopreserved sperms is selected for in-vitro fertilization from each batch.
Environmental Standards:SPF
Available Region:Global
Source:Cyagen