Ptgds, or prostaglandin D2 synthase, is a glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily. It plays dual roles in prostaglandins metabolism and lipid transport, and is involved in various cellular processes [1,2]. It may be associated with pathways like Wnt-β-catenin-STAT3, and has significance in biological processes related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation [1].

In multiple cancers, its role has been explored. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), high Ptgds expression correlated with poor prognosis, and its knockdown or treatment with inhibitor AT56 exerted anti-tumor effects by regulating cell functions and enhancing drug sensitivity, possibly through MYH9-mediated regulation of Wnt-β-catenin-STAT3 signaling [1]. In peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL), high Ptgds expression was linked to poor prognosis, and its knockdown and AT56 treatment inhibited PTCL progression and promoted ferroptosis by regulating HMOX1-mediated iron metabolism [3]. In cervical squamous cell carcinoma, PTGDS showed low expression, and it was an independent prognostic indicator [4]. In medulloblastoma, low PTGDS expression was associated with a lower 3-year survival rate [5]. In endometrial cancer, decreased PTGDS expression predicted poor survival, and it may be involved in the adaptive immune response, leukocyte migration, and regulation of cell adhesion molecules and chemokine signaling [6]. In prostate adenocarcinoma, overexpression of PTGDS suppressed cell migration, invasion, and proliferation [7]. Also, in aminoglycoside-induced vestibular dysfunction, Ptgds knockdown protected vestibular hair cells [2]. In a Parkinson's disease mouse model, MLKL deficiency led to downregulated Ptgds expression, reduced microglial cells, and dampened neuron death [8]. In rosacea, knockdown of Ptgds in fibroblasts blocked rosacea development in mice [9].

In summary, Ptgds is involved in diverse biological processes with implications in multiple disease areas. Gene knockdown and inhibitor studies, similar to those in KO mouse models, have revealed its roles in cancer progression, vestibular hair cell protection, and neurodegenerative disease-related inflammation. Understanding Ptgds can potentially offer new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.