Ptpn3, short for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 3, is a member of the membrane-associated non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family. It is involved in multiple cellular processes and has been linked to various signaling pathways, such as the MAPK, PI3K/AKT pathways [1,2,3]. Ptpn3's functions range from affecting cell growth, migration, and invasion to influencing the immune microenvironment, making it biologically significant in both normal physiological processes and disease development. Genetic models, like KO/CKO mouse models, can be valuable for studying its functions in vivo.

In cancer research, Ptpn3 has been found to have diverse roles. In pancreatic cancer, Ptpn3 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells in vitro and tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model, partially through the MAPK pathway, suggesting it could be a therapeutic target [1]. In lung neuroendocrine tumors, Ptpn3 inhibition in cells enhances the anti-tumor effect of activated lymphocytes in mouse xenograft models, and in vitro it is involved in the induction of malignant traits [2]. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, overexpression of Ptpn3 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion, xenograft tumor growth, and lung metastasis by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and is an independently favorable prognostic factor [3]. In perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, Ptpn3 suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation and is a favorable prognostic biomarker [4]. In lung cancer, depletion of Ptpn3 enhances cell migration, invasion, and metastasis by promoting actin filament assembly [5].

In conclusion, Ptpn3 plays crucial roles in regulating cell growth, migration, and invasion, as well as in the tumor immune microenvironment. Studies using mouse models have revealed its significance in various cancer types, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Additionally, in sheep, SNPs within the Ptpn3 gene are associated with wool production and growth traits, indicating its role in non-disease-related biological processes [6].