Ptprz1, or protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z, is involved in multiple cellular functions. It has been linked to pathways related to cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. In the context of cancer, it is associated with signaling that impacts tumor growth, making it of great biological importance. Genetic models, such as gene knockout (KO) and conditional knockout (CKO) mouse models, are valuable for studying its functions [8].

In glioblastoma, Ptprz1 has been a key focus. Tumour-associated macrophages secrete pleiotrophin (PTN) which binds to Ptprz1 on glioblastoma stem cells, promoting tumour growth. Disrupting Ptprz1 abrogates glioblastoma stem cell maintenance and tumorigenic potential, and blocking the PTN-Ptprz1 signalling suppresses tumour growth and prolongs animal survival [1]. Anti-Ptprz1 RNA CAR T cells show antigen-specific and bystander antitumor activity in glioblastoma, validating Ptprz1 as a glioblastoma target [2]. The PTPRZ1-MET fusion is associated with glioma progression, and targeting this fusion with a MET inhibitor is being investigated in a clinical trial [3]. Ptprz1-MET fusion in glioma stem-like cells modulates tumor-associated macrophage polarization, revealing a new mechanism in glioblastoma pathogenesis [4]. A novel PTPRZ1-ETV1 fusion has been detected in gliomas, potentially presenting a new therapeutic target [5]. Blocking the PTN-Ptprz1 signaling axis remodels the tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma, offering a new treatment strategy [6]. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), Ptprz1 dephosphorylates and stabilizes RNF26, reducing the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and PD-1 blockade. Inhibiting Ptprz1 enhances the sensitivity of ccRCC to these treatments [7].

In conclusion, Ptprz1 is significantly involved in tumor-related biological processes, especially in glioblastoma and ccRCC. Studies using KO or CKO mouse models, though not always explicitly detailed in the references, would likely further clarify its role. The research on Ptprz1 provides potential therapeutic targets for treating these cancers, highlighting its importance in understanding disease mechanisms and developing treatment strategies.