Adra1d, also known as the α1D-adrenergic receptor, is a key regulator of multiple physiological functions, including those in the cardiovascular, prostate, and central nervous system [3]. It is a G-protein-coupled receptor and is involved in pathways such as vasoconstriction, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction [2]. Genetic models are valuable for studying its function in various biological processes and disease conditions.

In cutaneous melanoma, Adra1d was found to be low-expressed. Overexpression of Adra1d inhibited the growth, invasion, and angiogenesis of melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo, likely by negatively regulating the HIF-1α/VEGF axis [1]. In vascular dementia, overexpression of Adra1d decreased apoptosis of PC12 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation, while its silencing had the opposite effect. The results suggest Adra1d may be a potential target for VaD treatment [2]. In Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats, QiShenYiQi treatment alleviated renal damage by down-regulating Adra1d expression [4]. In C2 skeletal myoblasts, Adra1d expression was essential for cell survival [5].

In conclusion, Adra1d plays important roles in multiple biological processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Its study using various models has provided insights into diseases such as cutaneous melanoma, vascular dementia, and hypertensive nephropathy. Understanding Adra1d function may offer new strategies for the treatment of these diseases.