Bcl10, short for B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10, is a crucial protein. It forms the CARMA-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) complex, which regulates apoptosis by activating NF-κB signaling. Bcl10 is involved in multiple biological processes, such as DNA damage repair, immune activation, and is associated with various diseases including cancer and immunodeficiency [1,3].

In DNA damage response, cytoplasmic Bcl10 enters the nucleus to promote DNA damage repair, including histone ubiquitination and recruitment of homologous recombination (HR) repair factors, contributing to cell survival [1]. Human Bcl10 deficiency causes combined immunodeficiency, with bone marrow transplantation being the only curative option [2]. In ABC-DLBCL, Bcl10 mutations are potential biomarkers for BTK inhibitor resistance, and different mutation classes can guide precision therapy [4]. In hepatocellular carcinoma, Bcl10 is associated with poor prognosis and immune infiltration, and knockdown of Bcl10 in HCC cells inhibits proliferation, migration, and activates apoptosis [5].

In conclusion, Bcl10 plays essential roles in DNA damage repair, immune activation, and cell survival. Its deficiency leads to immunodeficiency, and its mutations are relevant in cancer. The study of Bcl10 using various models helps in understanding disease mechanisms and developing targeted therapies for immunodeficiency and certain cancers.