Csrp1, also known as Cysteine and Glycine-Rich Protein 1, belongs to the cysteine-rich protein family and contains a unique double-zinc finger motif. It is important for development and cellular differentiation, and is a marker of smooth muscle lineages. Csrp1 interacts with Dishevelled 2 and Diversin, controlling cell morphology and other dynamic cell behaviors via the noncanonical Wnt and JNK pathways [5].

In colon cancer, lower Csrp1 expression is noted in tumors compared to normal colon tissue, yet patients with high Csrp1 expression have shorter recurrence-free, overall, and disease-specific survivals. Its expression is positively correlated with mesenchymal markers, EMT score, and stromal score, and is associated with CMS4 colon tumors. In colon adenocarcinoma, higher Csrp1 expression is correlated with worse prognosis and can promote tumor growth and migration [1,2].

In acute myeloid leukemia, Csrp1 shows notable expression variations between normal and tumor samples, is an independent prognostic factor, and correlates with immune-related pathways, immune cells, and immune checkpoints. Also, the METTL3/YTHDF1 axis stabilizes Csrp1 mRNA to regulate glycolysis and promote AML progression [3,4].

In hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, low Csrp1 expression promotes the advancement towards castration-resistant prostate cancer, making its expression level a potential biomarker [6].

In neuroblastoma, Csrp1 is involved in differentiation, apoptosis, and possibly innate immunity, and can enhance the effects of certain combination therapies [7].

In conclusion, Csrp1 is crucial for development and cellular differentiation, playing significant roles in multiple diseases such as colon cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, and neuroblastoma. Functional studies, especially those related to its expression levels and associated pathways in these diseases, provide insights into its functions. Research on Csrp1 helps in understanding disease mechanisms and may offer new strategies for disease treatment.