Rgs12, short for Regulator of G-protein signaling 12, is the largest protein in the RGS protein family. It plays a crucial role in multiple biological processes such as inflammation, bone remodeling, and tumorigenesis. It is associated with pathways like NF-κB, Hippo, and ubiquitination pathways [1,2,5]. Genetic models, especially KO/CKO mouse models, have been instrumental in understanding its functions.

In KO mouse models, deletion of Rgs12 in Mx1+ hematopoietic cells blocked bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis, inhibited osteoclast formation and inflammatory cytokine production [1]. In myeloid lineage or global Rgs12 deletion, it inhibited the development of collagen-induced arthritis [2]. Depletion of Rgs12 in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model promoted osteosarcoma progression and lung metastasis [3]. Rgs12 global knockout mice showed more aggressive oral cancer when induced with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide [4]. Rgs12 deficiency in macrophages prevented inflammation and cartilage damage in surgically or chemically induced osteoarthritis [5]. Macrophage-specific Rgs12 knockout mice had decreased M1 tumor-associated macrophages in oral cancer tissues [6]. Rgs12 knockout mice were deaf, indicating its role in hair cell function [7]. Deletion of Rgs12 in type II collagen-positive cells led to mitochondrial function defects in skeletal development [8]. Endothelial Rgs12 knockout inhibited the development of inflammatory arthritis by reducing angiogenesis [9].

In conclusion, Rgs12 is essential in regulating inflammation, bone remodeling, tumor growth, and development-related processes. The KO/CKO mouse models have significantly contributed to understanding its role in diseases such as periodontitis, inflammatory arthritis, osteosarcoma, oral cancer, osteoarthritis, and more, providing potential therapeutic targets for these diseases.